Pros and Cons of Tracking in Our Education System

Following in instruction framework alludes to an idea of collection students as indicated by their scholastic capacities (Education Week, 2004). In following framework, students are assembled and ordered into various classes as indicated by their scholarly capacities (Education Week, 2004).Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Pros and Cons of Tracking in Our Education System explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implies a specific class will just have students who have same capacities. In this paper, we will evaluate the preferences and hindrances of the following framework in training as we attempt to research whether the framework energizes or debilitates bigotry in the US. The following framework has the two qualities and shortcoming. Researchers contend that one of the upsides of the framework is that it permits educators to decide encouraging strategies and the instructing pace. For gifted understudies, the framework favors them in that t he educator can address their issues dependent on their capacities (Education Week, 2004). For students with equivalent capacities, the educator can effectively apply certain showing strategies at a specific pace. The framework can be solid for understudies with exceptional necessities since they need certain pace and certain educating strategy. Also, since the framework permits understudies to be arranged by their scholarly capacities, it lessens odds of students loosing confidence (Perrucci and Wysong, 2008). When understudies are assembled by their capacities, they just contrast their presentation and that of their companions diminishing odds of bringing down individual confidence, which may result from examination of individual execution with others (Perrucci and Wysong, 2008).Advertising Looking for article on training? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If low-performing understudies think about themselves against except ionally performing understudies, they may lose certainty and lessens odds of improving scholastically. Moreover, this arrangement of training permits skilled understudies to improve as far as scholastic accomplishments (Education Week, 2004). As indicated by an exploration, when capable students were followed they delivered preferable outcomes over comparable capacity students in non-followed arrangement of training did (Kulik and Kulik, 1992). In a followed framework, when gifted understudies invest more energy with their friends with comparative capacities, they will in general improve their disposition and subsequently improving execution. Notwithstanding, when they are blended in with less skilled understudies, the high-capacity students will in general accomplish lower grades. The framework will in general be useful for gifted understudies (Education Week, 2004). Then again, the framework has various shortcomings. One of the shortcomings is that, the profoundly performing, frui tful, and experienced instructors are normally doled out to exceptionally performing classes while unpracticed mentors are relegated low-performing classes (Perrucci and Wysong, 2008). Accordingly, the framework favors unreasonable position of coaches. Another significant inconvenience of this following framework in instruction is that it might prompt instances of derision of low-performing understudies (Perrucci and Wysong, 2008).Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Pros and Cons of Tracking in Our Education System explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Because of boundless disparagement, such low-performing understudies will in general create negative demeanor declining the circumstance. An examination led uncovered that such understudies will in general feel that they are â€Å"doomed† or it is their fate to perform inadequately. This is likewise in light of the fact that their educators will in general force this demeanor upon them. At long l ast, the following framework in instruction will in general gathering understudies as per social class, conservative status, and ethnicity among different variables (Farley, 2009). It gives the idea that high-performing class is just made out of understudies from high-salary families while low-track class gives off an impression of being made out of students from low-pay workers (Farley, 2009). For the most part, low-pay workers are African Americans and consequently the framework is segregating. This gathering of learning doesn't generally mirror the scholarly exhibition (students’ capacities). All in all, the following arrangement of training is one framework that certainly bolsters issues of separation thinking about that it classifies understudies dependent on race, economic wellbeing, and other minority perspectives. As a rule, the framework brings isolation among students dependent on race and social-financial matters status, which is one type of separation. The feeling is that, low-performing understudies ought to be empowered by increasing execution expectations for them and might be by utilizing reward framework to support them accomplish academically.Advertising Searching for article on training? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Reference List Education Week. (2004). Following. Recovered from https://www.edweek.org/ew/issues/following/Farley, J.E. (2009). Larger part Minority Relations. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice corridor. Kulik, J., Kulik C. C. (1992). Meta-systematic discoveries on gathering programs. Gifted Children Quarterly 36 (2): 73â€77. Perrucci, R. Wysong, E. (2008). New Class Society: Goodbye American Dream? Maryland: Rowman Littlefield. This article on Pros and Cons of Tracking in Our Education System was composed and put together by client Paulina Herman to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for exploration and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; notwithstanding, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Decisions in Paradise Paper part 1,2, and 3 Essay

Choices in Paradise Paper section 1,2, and 3 - Essay Example It is regularly observed that quick urbanization and the innovative headways have been answerable for worldwide environmental change which may have added to the expanded recurrence of common cataclysms, all through the world. Kava also is inclined to catastrophic events and simultaneously outside variables like psychological warfare and interior difficulty, has delivered numerous protections among the neighborhood populace. Consequently, we have to apply the strategy of dynamic that would assist us with deciding on the tasks that are most appropriate to profit both Kava individuals and us. ‘Decision grids are best where you have various great other options and numerous elements to take into account’ (web). Choice Matrix Analysis would encourage us to reach to the correct choice since it joins a gigantic scope of variables for the different undertakings that can be begun here. The different business choices may incorporate the travel industry, oil, flammable gas and agrar ian produce. The couple of the remarkable elements that may impact the choice incorporate existing interests of the organization, starter cost, scope, nearby asset, neighborhood improvement and so on. ‘Using such an appropriated appraisal structure, the highlights of a scope of proof can be cooked for while the assessor isn't compelled to pre-total different sorts of proof into a solitary numerical worth. Both complete and fragmented evaluations can be obliged in a bound together way inside the framework’ (Yang, 2001). Kava is gave with rich neighborhood crude materials which incorporate items like oil, flammable gas, cocoa, flavors, sugar and so on. Another zone that has huge potential is the travel industry that can be formed into a thundering business. At first we should distinguish two regions which can be formed into solid business arrangement. Later the organization can enhance to present new territories for new pursuits. Along these lines, taking a gander at

Can You Get a No-Interest Cash Advance Loan

Can You Get a No-Interest Cash Advance Loan Can You Get a No-Interest Cash Advance Loan? Can You Get a No-Interest Cash Advance Loan?Unlike regular credit card purchases, cash advances do  not  come with an interest-free grace period.You have a financial emergency. You need cash. You don’t have friends or family who can lend you that money interest-free (although if they can, we still suggest you sign a personal loan agreement).For obvious reasons, you’d certainly prefer to have a no-interest cash advance to see you through this rocky period, but how likely are you to get one?Short answer: If youre borrowing money, whether its from a cash advance or a personal loans, you are  going  to be charged some kind of interest or fee. Thats just how this works.Long answer:A cash advance is a feature on your credit card.Before we get into why its impossible to get a no-interest cash advance, let’s first establish what exactly a cash advance loan is. Essentially, it’s a way to use your credit card to withdraw cash.The process for getting a cash advance is similar to withdra wing money from your bank account with a debit card. You put your credit card in the ATM, choose the amount you want to withdraw, and get your money.However, you’ll have to pay a fee for taking out that cash advancein addition to any possible ATM fees. And since it’s a loan and not an actual cash withdrawallike it would be if you were using a debit cardthis is money that youll have to eventually pay back.In that sense, it’s a lot like making a regular purchase on your credit card. All youre doing is adding more money to your total balance. Credit cards are, after all, a line of credit, which means using your card is taking out a loan that youll eventually have to repay.One big difference between credit cards and regular loans is that, if used properly, you can borrow money on your card without ever having to pay any  money towards interest. Does this mean that you could also take out an interest-free cash advance?Unfortunately, no.Unlike regular purchases, credit card cash adv ances dont have grace periods.The vast majority of credit cards have an interest-free grace period on regular purchases. A grace period is an amount of time before a given purchase starts accruing interest. With credit cards, the grace period is usually 30 days.As long as you pay your credit card bill on time and in full every month, you’ll avoid paying any interest, which means youll be getting interest-free credit. Pretty neat, right?Unfortunately, this is not the case with credit card cash advances.  There is no grace period for cash advance loans, so interest will start building up immediately.Not only that, but they interest rates youll be paying on that cash advance are going to be higher than the rates youd pay on normal purchases.To compare interest rates, you’ll want to use a number called the annual percentage rate, or APR, which measure how much a loan or credit card will costincluding both fees and  interestover the course of a full year.The average APR for a credit card is a little over 16 percent. But the average APR for a credit card cash advance is almost 24 percent. And thats only the average rate. The lower your credit score, the higher the rate youll likely have to pay.So not only will you definitely be paying interest on your cash advance, youll be paying  more  than you would be on a normal purchase.Interest-free cash advances and loans dont really exist.In general, you’re going to have a really hard time finding interest free loans and cash advances, because, with a few exceptions, interest is how lenders make their money. Ever since ancient Middle Eastern farmers started lending each other animals and seeds, they required their loans be paid back with some additional goodies on top for their trouble.As we mentioned above, your credit score will determine what kind of interest you’ll have to pay on loans you take out. But dont let those higher rates lead to your balances ballooning out of control. That will just make it harder to get better rates on future loans and credit cards, which will mean even  more  money paid towards interest.So far we’ve been operating under the assumption that you have a credit card. What if you don’t?You should avoid loans that advertise as cash advances.First of all, if you don’t have a credit card, you’re not going to be able to get a cash advance loan, let alone the fabled interest-free cash advance loan.“But wait,” you say, haven’t you seen ads for cash advance loans in storefront windows and online that suggest you can get a cash advance loan without a credit card?Heres the thing: Those arent really cash advance loans. Instead, theyre bad credit loans that don’t require you to have a good credit score. And while some bad credit loansespecially installment loanscan be a good financial solution, many of them are not. They are expensive predatory loans  that will drive you deep into a cycle of debt.The worst kind of bad credit loans are no credit check loans li ke payday loans or title loans. These are loans where the lender doesnt even run a soft credit check on your score, possibly because they stand to make even more money if you cant pay your loan back on-time.Both payday loans and title loans have very high APRs and very short payment terms, with title loans using your car as collateral and repossessing it if you can’t pay your loan back. These are the kinds of loans where the lender would rather you roll your loan over, extending the due date in return for additional interest. It works out great for them, even as it steadily drains your bank account.What are some other options besides a credit card cash advances?Assuming your credit score is in a good place, you can probably get a loan with a decent APR from a bank. If your credit score is in a bad place and you don’t qualify for a credit card, you might still be able to get a secured credit card. A secured credit card requires you to use cash as collateral, but if you don’t us e it too much and pay your bill on time, in full every month, it’s a great way to build your credit.But if you have bad credit, no credit card, and need a loan right now, you’re probably going to have to choose the best of some less than ideal options. When searching for the best loan for you, be sure to compare APRs to find the lowest rate you can qualify for and also check online reviews. You wouldn’t eat at a restaurant with under three stars on Yelp, so don’t get a loan that’ll give your bank account metaphorical food poisoning.And of course, be sure to read thoroughly before you sign anything. A no-interest loan might be a fantasy, but that doesn’t mean you have to settle for a payday loan.To learn more about cash advances, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Your Guide to Cash Advance ScamsHow to Calculate the Cost of Your Cash AdvanceCan You Get a Cash Advance with a Debit Card?Have you ever been taken in by an ad for no-interest cash advance loan?  We want to hear from you!  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.

Swot Analysis Of Berjaya Corporation Berhad - 1990 Words

UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA FIRST SEMESTER SESSION 2016/2017(A161) BPMN 3023 STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT GROUP U INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT BERJAYA CORPORATION BHD PREPARE FOR : DR. ABDULLAHI HASSAN GORONDUTSE NAME : LIM TENG LEE MATRIC : 227671 DUE DATE : 26th October 2016 Using Milton Friedman, R. Edward Freeman and Archie B. Carroll social responsibility argument, discuss and analyze what type of responsibility behave by your company. 1.0 BACKGROUND 1.1 CORPORATE PROFILE Berjaya Corporation Berhad (BJCorp) is an investment holding company and is engaged in the provision of management services. It is a Malaysia-based corporation which was founded in1984 and is based in Kuala Lumpur. Berjaya Corporation Bhd is lists under Main Market of Bursa Malaysia in October 2015 and it has been classified in the Trading Services sector. The stock code uses in Bursa Malaysia is 3395 or identify by stock name of BJCORP. (Berjaya Corporation Berhad) In the year 1984, the founder of Berjaya Corporation Berhad, Vincent Tan Chee Yioun, acquired a significant controlling stake in the Berjaya Industrial Berhad (formerly known as Berjaya Kawat Berhad and now known as Reka Pacific Berhad) from the founders Broken Hill, Australia and National Iron Steel Mills, Singapore. The shareholding changes had brings a major change to the business, include their direction and the dynamic growth of a diversified conglomerate under the flagship of Berjaya Corporation Berhad.Show MoreRelatedSp Setia9827 Words   |  40 PagesBhd A Mega Project Analysis In Partial Fulfillment of Strategic Management (MGT 657 / MGT 658) Prepared By: Name | Student UiTM ID | Muhammad Awzaie Bin Mujaini | 2011817518 | Nazima Bt Batli | 2011686988 | Ida Faridah Bt Mashudin | 2011499824 | Nur Shahanis Bt Mohd Janin | 2011401006 | Nurul Atiqah Bt Mohd Rahim | 2011296466 | (Date Of Submission : 16 May 2013 ) Universiti Teknologi MARA Johor, Malaysia EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This paper analyzes the S P Setia Berhad that is one of the strongestRead MoreMalaysia Airlines-Strategic Management14526 Words   |  59 Pages1.0 INTRODUCTION Malaysia Airlines In Malaysia, there are actually 3 different Malaysia airlines companies which are providing airline services to its customers. These 3 airline companies are Malaysia Airline, Air-Asia and Berjaya-Air. In reality, these 3 different airline companies provide different kind of services for their customers with different needs. For now, lets take a closer look at these 3 companies individually. First of all, Malaysia Airline System or better known as MAS, is MalaysiasRead MoreEssay MKT 505 ASSIGNMENT 34730 Words   |  19 Pagesdepicts about the entry mode chosen by STARBUCKS to invade the Indian market. It also briefs about the competitive Environment faced by STARBUCKS to gain the desired market share. It also consists of the Political, Economical, Social and Technological Analysis faced by STARBUCKS and the Corporate Strategy used to survive among the rivalry. This report clearly discusses the Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats faced by STARBUCKS in the Indian Economy and how they have been successful to overcome

Essay on Sexism in Language - 2512 Words

Language refers to the method that humans use to communicate either through speech or written. It consists of the use of the word in a structured and conventional way. Language has been referred to as ‘our means of classifying and ordering the world; our means of manipulating reality. In structure and in its use we bring out the world into realisation and if it is inherently inaccurate, then we are misled. (Dale Spender, 1980).Language has power that allows us to make sense out of the reality we live in. Sexism is discrimination of a person based on their gender, especially on women. Sexism in language is the use of language which devalues members on one sex, almost always women, showing gender inequality. In the 1960/70’s there was a†¦show more content†¦This is seen in two ways; the first is interpersonal interactions, and the second is representations of men and women in that are embedded in form and content of language. For example Cameron (1992) found that women are referred to by their first name as well as terms of endearment such as ‘love’ and ‘dear’. It shows that language and representations are closely linked and that language holds representation of ideas in clichà ©s, epithets etc. It has also been represented that a women’s experience is systematically devalued in comparison to that of the male norm. Weitz (2003) has highlighted that throughout history women’s bodies have centrally affected the structures within which women live. Females are described as passive, for example Mother Nature. Objects such as cars and boats are mostly deemed female and temperamental and are also dominated by males. English language reflects the power that men have historically held in many areas of life. The sexist language against women shows them in lower social and economic status. An example of this is nouns ending in ‘ess’ e.g. waitress, stewardess, these are then seen as less significa nt than their male equivalents. This also applies to the suffix ‘ette’ this is giving feminine status to objects such as cigarette, this shows inferiority. Some studies have shown that individuals who do not believe in traditional sex stereotypical roles are less likely to write an educational essay using sexist language (McMinn, Lindsay,Show MoreRelatedSexism, Language, And Language Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesSexism in Language Whether it’s in verbal or written expression, language is our everyday means of interaction. For years, there’s been an ongoing debate about the use of male-based generics and whether or not they promote sexism. Sexist language, as defined by yourdictionary.com, is language that excludes either men or women when discussing a topic that may be applicable to both sexes. Hence, sexist language describes the bias towards a certain sex in language. Importance lies in discussing issuesRead More Sexism in Language Essay1969 Words   |  8 PagesSexism in Language We all know that men and women are different. They look different, act different, walk, talk, and even smell different. In part, the simple fact that we are different explains why we sometimes have trouble communicating with and understanding the opposite sex. However, a close look at our language may show that there is more to the communication barrier between the sexes than meets the eye. I believe that the English language is very biased towards women. We live in a patriarchalRead MoreThe Value Of Chinese Language1322 Words   |  6 PagesThe value of Chinese Language The knowledge of Chinese language opens many new perspectives for the people who have good command of this language. First of all, Chinese language opens the way to different important fields. These include: Chinese politics, economy, history or archaeology. The knowledge of Chinese language can help to study the unique culture of the ancient civilization. At the heart of Chinese civilization is its rich heritage of novels, short stories, poetry, drama, and other piecesRead MoreI Consider Myself A Feminist Essay764 Words   |  4 Pagesthe importance of language, a feminist is a person, regardless of gender, who believes in the equality and importance of all women in society. I am a feminist because I continue to educate myself to become more self-aware of the danger of sexism and inequality that thre atens women’s rights. 2. Sexism is wrong because it discriminates against people because of their gender. Women are the main group who suffers against sexism. It is safe to say that all women have confronted sexism. According to theRead MoreMovies Control: Sex and Violence1436 Words   |  6 Pagespublic believes and accepts. Research shows that the amount and realism of violence and sex in movies has skyrocketed, influencing the views of our generation. However, little to no attention is placed on the effects of movies on our views of racism, sexism, classism, and heteronormativity. Before watching a movie, you can get a general idea of how much sex and violence it will contain, in order to decide if it is appropriate for you. However, how can one tell if a movie is too racist, sexist, classistRead MoreThemes of Sexism in Cleopatra and Plutarchs The Life of Antony967 Words   |  4 PagesSimilar to the 1963 film Cleopatra, in Plutarchs The Life of Antony, sexism is maintained in the passage and compati ble with its message. Through the authors portrayal of Cleopatra and Antony, he spreads the message that obsession with power is bad and the idea that manipulation and attempts at domination are signs of a bad ruler. Sexism is compatible with such messages because as indicated by Plutarch, Cleopatra utilizes sexist expectations of women in order to manipulate Antony through her aspirationsRead MoreFeminism is simply a sociological theory, which states that men and women are equal. Feminism is900 Words   |  4 Pagessuccessful people. Feminism opposes sexism in literature and aims to increase the awareness of sexual politics of language and style. Feminism also shoots to view female writers and their works in a feminine point of view. Thus people will interpret the symbolism in female’s writings and it will be no longer ignored by the manly point of view. Feminist Literature Feminist literature is basically any literal work that concentrates on the women’s daily struggle against sexism and discrimination. It emergedRead MoreSince the beginning of time, sexism has been a prominent barrier between the genders. Women may800 Words   |  4 PagesSince the beginning of time, sexism has been a prominent barrier between the genders. Women may have the same political rights, however they are still degraded and seen as inferior to men. So, women in politics are now trying to prove that they are just as capable as men are. However, their attempts are being suppressed due to the inappropriate comments against them. Sexist remarks in the media against female political candidates is the reason why there is a smaller amount of women in governmentRead MoreRacism And Racism732 Words   |  3 Pages Sexism, racism and heterosexism are happening in contemporary America till this day. The media reflects everyday struggles that Americans face based primarily on their gender, race and sexual preferences. Many innocent Americans are getting killed in protests and rallies while they defend their rights. Everyday millions of Americans are faced with backlash from their community, state and even their own country for who they are! Heterosexism is the prejudice against homosexuals.Read MoreComparison of One is Not Born a Woman by Wittig and The Second Sex Simone De Beauvoir867 Words   |  4 Pagesimpossible ontologically speaking; because the humans are not divided, thus gender is merely an imaginary realm. It only exist in the language exercises, and the way that cultural products are conceived in them. This essay is a preliminary attempt to offer an analysis of ‘One Is Not Born a Woman’ by Wittig and ‘The Second Sex’ by Simone De Beauvoir holds on the language usage contribution to the creation of genders and the imagined femininity. Through the society imaginations of genders, the society

Martha Stewart Organization Ethics of Insider Trading Free Essays

On December 27, 2001, Martha Stewart made a decision that changed her life, and the decision jeopardized the livelihood of her stakeholders. Ms. Stewart received a call from her stockbroker’s assistant letting her know that Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Martha Stewart: Organization Ethics of Insider Trading or any similar topic only for you Order Now Samuel Waksal was trying to sell his holdings in ImClone. Dr. Waksal was the chief executive officer and founder of ImClone, and he had just received notice from the Food and Drug Administration that the drug Erbitux did not receive approval to be used as a cancer drug. Stock in ImClone was at a high due to expectations of Erbitux getting approval, and once the news of it not getting it reached the public, Dr.  Waksal knew that the price of its stock was going to decline. (Carroll Buchholtz, 2009, p. 814) This is an example of insider trading. â€Å"Anytime a company executive or employee buys or sells stock in the company that person works for, an inside trade has occurred. † (Newkirk, 1998) In this essay I will explore who the ‘insiders’ were that knew that the stock was in danger, and the people who did not know. I will examine how Martha Stewart’s decision affected her company, Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, and what she could have done differently. The concept of insider trading is when a person has knowledge, positive or negative, that can impact a company’s stock price and a trade is made based on that knowledge. Insider trading is illegal. Martha Stewart â€Å"acted on inside information when she sold 3,928 shares in biotechnology company ImClone Systems†. (White, 2006) The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the federal agency that has the responsibility of regulating stock trading in the United States, alleged in its case against Ms. Stewart that she received an illegal tip from her broker Peter Bacanovic. The tip was that Dr.  Waksal and his family members were selling their shares of ImClone stock. Bacanovic was the broker for Dr. Waksal and for Ms. Stewart. (White, 2006) When insider trading takes place, there is a select group of privileged people who have information about the stock’s possible rise or fall. In the case of ImClone, Dr. Waksal let certain individuals, his father, his daughter and his broker’s assistant, know that a change was about to take place with ImCone stock by attempting to sell his shares. These are the people that the investigation revealed did ImClone stock trading on the day before the news become public. Martha Stewart found out about the news when Bacanovic’s assistant, Douglas Faneuil, notified her that Dr. Waksal was selling his holdings. (Hurtado, 2004) Each person who sold their holding in ImClone on December 27, 2001 with knowledge of the possible decline participated in insider trading. The other individuals that owned holdings in ImClone were not privileged to that information, they did not have an inside advantage. The two parties who knew ImClone’s stock was going down and the people who did not know have several things in common. They all felt that ImClone’s stock was a good investment and they were all about to loose money once the FDA’s decision was made public. The difference between the two parties is one had a closer connection to the executives of ImClone and the other did not. High level employees of an organization are privileged to insider information. The spouses, friends, bankers and lawyers are connected to individuals who have â€Å"awareness of material information that’s not publicly available† to everyone. (Clark, 2009) Martha Stewart and Dr. Waksal were close friends at the time of the ImClone scandal. This allowed her to have an inside advantage. When Dr. Waksal received the news that the FDA was not going to accept Erbitux’s application for approval, he had an ethical dilemma. He knew that he could not control what was about to happen to ImClone, but he wanted to â€Å"minimize his losses, and maybe the losses of some family members and close friends†. (Carroll Buchholtz, 2009, p. 814) Dr Waksal; his father, Jack; his daughter Aliza; and a number of close friends had significant investments in ImClone†¦Of course, elling his stock and advising his father, daughter, and friends to sell their stock would reduce their loses†¦ Dr. Waksal was faced with a tough decision. On one hand, he could refrain from engaging in questionable trading practice and thereby incur a significant amount of losses in his investment. On the other hand, he could choose to sell his stock based on the information he received, reducing his investment losses, but violating the law and ethics of fair trade. (Carroll Buchhlotz, 2009, p. 814) Dr. Waksal influenced each person he told about the FDA’s decision and each person who knew he was trying to sell his holdings. When the head of an organization decides to sell his/her holdings in the organization, knowledge of this greatly influences others to do the same. Once Martha Stewart became aware of the possible decline in ImClone stock, she had a decision to make too. Her decision was whether to do nothing or to sell her stock. The decision she made affected more people than just herself. It affected every stakeholder she was associated with at that time. This included her employees at Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia (MSO), customers and competitors of MSO products, the Kmart Corporation, CBS’s â€Å"The Early Show† where Ms.  Stewart was a style contributor, and other business leaders and the public. Employees of MSO were left wondering if their jobs were in jeopardy, customers and competitors of MSO did not know the fate of the company, Kmart’s revenues suffered, Ms. Stewart was no longer needed at CBS, and the public was left with mixed views. The ethical thing that Ms. Stewart should have done that would have spared her company’s reputation and prevented the public scrutiny that each company and person close to her had to endure would have been to not act on the tip she received about ImClone’s stock. The company’s reputation would have been saved and Ms. Stewart would have saved money. She avoided a loss of $47,673 by selling her stock in ImClone before the news of the FDA’s decision was made public. (White, 2006). â€Å"The cost to her of selling that stock, factoring in penalties, restitution, and legal cost has been estimated to be about $300 to $400 million. Furthermore, had she held on to her shares of ImClone rather than selling them, she would have made a nice profit†. (Carroll Buchholtz, 2009, p. 17) In February 2004, after a new clinical trial and refilling by ImClone’s partner, the FDA approved the use of Erbitux for colon cancer and the price of its stock soared again. (Carroll Buchholtz, 2009, p. 816) Dr. Waksal’s punishment for his actions was the maximum sentence of seven years in prison and he was asked to leave his position at Stanford University, the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health, Tufts University School of Medicine and Mount Sinai School of Medicine. He also lost his position of CEO with ImClone and he had to pay a fine to the SEC. His plea agreement with the government and his admittance that â€Å"he tipped undisclosed individuals to dump their stock before the FDA decision was made public† spared his father and daughter from facing charges. (Carroll Buchholtz, 2009, p. 815-816) Dr. Waksal’s and Martha Stewart’s stockbroker, Peter Bacanovic, was sentenced to five months in prison, five months of house arrest, and fined $4,000. Bacanovic’s assistant, Douglas Faneuil was fined $2,000. (Hurtado, 2004) The original investigation of Martha Stewart was for insider trading, but she was not indicted for insider trading. A spokesperson for Ms. Stewart denied the allegations and insisted that Ms. Stewart had a prearranged agreement with her broker, Mr. Bacanovic, to sell ImClone stock if it fell below $60†¦Her assistant broker, Mr. Douglas Faneuil, however, claimed that such an agreement never existed and that Ms. Stewart sold her four thousand shares of ImClone after she learned that Dr. Waksal and other family members had dumped their stock. (Carroll Buchholtz, 2009, p. 815) Ms. Stewart was indicted on nine federal counts. The nine-count indictment alleged that Stewart altered evidence that she traded on inside information about the biotech company ImCone Systems, conspired with her stockbroker to lie to federal officials investigating the trade, and defrauded shareholders in her company, Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, by misleading them about why she had sold the stock†. (Carroll Buchholtz, 2009, p. 815) Martha Stewart was found â€Å"guilty on four counts: obstruction of justice, conspiracy, and two counts of making false statements†. (Carroll Buchholtz, 2009, p. 816) Ms.  Stewart’s punishment for her crime was five months in prison, five months in home confinement, and two years of probation. The fines she had to pay included $30,000, and $195,00 that included the $47,673 she saved by selling her shares in ImClone plus $137,019 in penalties that represent three times the loss avoided amount. (White, 2006) â€Å"In addition to the fine, Ms Stewart agreed to a five-year ban on serving as a director of a public company and to limitations during those five years on the extent of her service as an officer or employee of a public company†. (White, 2006) Ms. Stewart resigned as CEO and chairman of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia on the same day she was indicted, but remained on the company’s board. She also â€Å"resigned her position as board member for Revlon and the New York Stock Exchange. † (Carroll Buchholtz, 2009. p. 816) Some think Ms. Stewart was justly tried and convicted, while others think she was a scapegoat for larger corporate scandals. My opinion is that the punishment given to Ms. Stewart was fair. The maximum amount of time the crime she was convicted for can be unto 20 years in prison. (Hoffman, 2007) Regardless of whom you are, consequences should follow when the law is broken. Martha Stewart broke the law in a minimal way, so her punishment fits the crime. When shareholders invest in a corporation, they do so to make a profit. The money they invest is used in several ways by the corporation. It is used for product research and development, improvements, overseas expansion, and to keep the company afloat in tough times. If the company is not successful, the investors loose money. If the company is a success, the investors are rewarded with higher values of their stock shares in the company. (Clark, 2006) Martha Stewart’s action brought an initial loss for her investors. Advertising sales plunged at MSO’s magazine when the incident began. â€Å"MSO stock plummeted by 60 percent after the charges were made public†. (Carroll Buchholtz, 2009, p. 815) However, â€Å"when Ms. Stewart received the minimum sentence, the stock price of her company rose by 37 percent†. (Carroll Buchholtz, 2009, p. 816) Before the ImClone scandal in 2001, Martha Stewart’s products were sold in Kmart and she was the CEO of MSO. During the ordeal, her magazine Martha Stewart Living loss advertising sponsors and pictures of Ms. Stewart were removed from the magazine. Less than three years after she got out of prison, the magazine showed an increase in advertising pages, pictures of Ms. Stewart are back in the magazine, she has a channel on Sirius satellite radio, she has a new magazine called Blueprint for younger people, and she has a line of homes with KB Homes. â€Å"In 2006, she published Martha Stewart’s Home-keeping Handbook, a 744-page guide to all things domestic†. (Carroll Buchholtz, 2009, p. 817) As of today, MSO is a thriving organization. Martha Stewart has a line of products at The Home Depot, PetSmart and Macy’s, along with The Martha Stewart Show on the Hallmark Channel. The company reported $49. 7 million for its third quarter earnings in 2010. (â€Å"Martha Stewart,† 2010) Prior to the ImClone scandal, Martha Stewart owned a magazine, her products were in Kmart and she worked for â€Å"The Early Show†; after coming out of prison, she still owns the magazine, her products are with more prominent companies, she has her own show on television and her organization is still making profits. The relationship she had with her stockholders may have suffered during the scandal, but today the relationship is mended. Ethical and public issues must be considered in a stockholder relationship. Decisions made by executives can have enormous effects on a company which can then cause negative and/or positive changes in a stockholder’s shares depending on how the public receives a brand or corporation once it has gone through a scandal. Loyalty to the Martha Stewart brand has helped the company to endure through the storm of the scandal. (Carroll Buchholtz, 2009, p. 816) Shareholders should be considered when decisions are made that are unethical or that could be harmful to the company’s public image. How to cite Martha Stewart: Organization Ethics of Insider Trading, Essay examples

Please suggest parts that I can cut out as it is t Essay Example For Students

Please suggest parts that I can cut out as it is t Essay oo long at the moment. Dulce et Decorum Est and Anthem for Doomed YouthBy Sanya DuaModern responders can gain insight into the concerns of World War 1 through an appreciation of texts written during that time. Dulce et Decorum Est and Anthem for Doomed Youth, both written in 1917 by World War I veteran, Wilfred Owen typify wartime poems. His literature highlights the contextual issues of his society such as anti-war sentiment, the horrors of war and the erosion of religious faith. Owens work ultimately allows us to gain a deeper appreciation of the brutality of war and for those who fought, lived and suffered through it. Dulce et Decorum Est and Anthem for Doomed Youth both capture the anti-war sentiment that grew as a result of the widespread death and suffering. Owen explores the futility of war by highlighting the pointlessness of deaths that occur, through the rhetorical question and simile, What passing bells for those who die as cattle. This degrades the lives of soldier to th e same level as cattle as they are being slaughtered for others gain. Personification is used in, the monstrous anger of guns to underscore the potential for weapons to deliver horrific damage to the lives of soldiers which fuelled the worries and concerns of their families back home. Owen continues to depict the declining support for the war in Dulce et Decorum Est through the use of second person to address those who would encourage young men to give up their lives for their country as illustrated in my friend, you would not tell with such high zest. The use of my friend is ironic and betrays his anger as he holds these people accountable for what he and so many others has had to endure and claims that if only they were to witness the atrocities of war then they would realise the extent of the old Lie. Thus, the ideas that Owen presents to readers in his poem act to reinforce the futility of war by highlighting the eroding support for the war that was present in the context of the 1910s. The brutal nature of World War I was one of the main reasons behind societys concern with the conflict. Owen uses Dulce et Decorum Est to explore the horrors of war by capturing the concerns of those involved. Owen depicts the poor physical condition of the men, bent double, like old beggars under sacks. This simile demonstrates how dirty and unhealthy the soldiers appear. They are compared to old beggars which highlights how the men have been aged prematurely by their experiences. Owen also uses imagery to make comments on the terrible mental effects that the war has on the men, drunk with fatigue. This helps convey the exhaustion that the men had to endure and throws into sharp relief the hardships and suffering of the men.Owen conveys how depressingwar can be in Anthem for doomed youth through the use of an comparison in but in their eyes shall shine the holy glimmers of good byes. The pallor of girls shall be their pall. Through this he illustrates the families reactions to the d eath of loved ones. The dead soldiers do not get to be honoured; all their families and friends can do is grieve at the sorrowful news. These notions of pain and suffering are shown by Owen to be the driving force behind the contextual concern with the atrocities of war. Owen explains how the burden of World War I eroded the religious faith of those fighting for their country. During a time when religion played an integral role in everyday life, Anthem of Doomed Youth casts doubt on the importance of faith.Owen conveys his own loss of faith by highlighting the pointless religious mourning that follows every death by using a rhetorical question, What candles may be held to speed them all? The candles are symbolic of religious tradition and are depicted as redundant. The idea of declining religion and loss of faith is carried into many of Owens other works including Dulce Et Decorum Est. Here the poet employs religious imagery to subvert the positive and noble impact that religion was typically associated with during the early 20th century, His face hanging, like a devils sick of sin. By suggesting that the fallen soldier had traits in common with the devil, Owen proves that religion no longer holds the same sacred meaning that it once did for these so ldiers. Thus, through his poetry, Owen sets out to highlight how World War I has acted as the catalyst for the erosion of faith for many of the soldiers fighting on the front line. Wilfred Owen uses his poems as a means to reveal the contextual concerns of the time regarding World War I. Dulce Et Decorum Est and the Anthem for Doomed Youth are two of his works which explore the burden of war and its impact on people, both in the short term and long term. Therefore Owen has immortalized the ideas and concerns of the time in his poems about his experiences in World War I. .uc2d033e7de4073d470829056abfded2f , .uc2d033e7de4073d470829056abfded2f .postImageUrl , .uc2d033e7de4073d470829056abfded2f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc2d033e7de4073d470829056abfded2f , .uc2d033e7de4073d470829056abfded2f:hover , .uc2d033e7de4073d470829056abfded2f:visited , .uc2d033e7de4073d470829056abfded2f:active { border:0!important; } .uc2d033e7de4073d470829056abfded2f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc2d033e7de4073d470829056abfded2f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc2d033e7de4073d470829056abfded2f:active , .uc2d033e7de4073d470829056abfded2f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc2d033e7de4073d470829056abfded2f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc2d033e7de4073d470829056abfded2f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc2d033e7de4073d470829056abfded2f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc2d033e7de4073d470829056abfded2f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc2d033e7de4073d470829056abfded2f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc2d033e7de4073d470829056abfded2f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc2d033e7de4073d470829056abfded2f .uc2d033e7de4073d470829056abfded2f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc2d033e7de4073d470829056abfded2f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Reconstruction of the Nation Essay

Trevor Pool Essays - Kings Men, William Shakespeare,

Trevor Pool The Question of Authorship of Shakespeare's Plays Throughout the years, different people have communicated question with regards to the initiation of William Shakespeare. These ques tions are as old as his plays. American creator, Henry James once stated, " I am haunted by the conviction that the divine William is the biggest and the most successful fraud ever practiced on a patient world. (Hoffman 27) On the other ha nd, creator Calvin Hoffman was persuaded that Shakespeare was " the author of the most magnificent English dramatic prose and poetry ever written. " (Hof fman 27) But, he repeated this conviction nineteen year after the fact, expressing, "The y are magnificent!" Just, William Shakespeare of Stratford- On -Avon never composed the plays and lyrics." (Hoffman 27) Wrongdoing, blame, misrepresentation, banish, detest, double dealing, and mu rder are altogether woven into this cover of origin that conceals the character of the world's generally eminent a uthor. Wrenches have proposed more than fifty contenders for creation, from Queen Elizabeth to the Jesiuts. Albeit many uncertainties that William Shakespeare a t any point composed the works credited to him, some still fall back on star S hakespearean contentions. John Drinkwater, creator and devotee, felt that the blos soms, banks, creeks, pastures, also, forests of Shakespeare's childhood home, Stratford, w ere altogether transfigured in his pla ys by his brilliant verse, yet despite everything they remained the scene s to which he was reproduced. Drinkwater accepted as well, that not just in Shakespeare's humble society, shepherds, plant specialists, and serving men, yet in addition in his rulers and rulers, he mirrored the mankind with which he was natural in St ratford. The lear ning and shrewdness he procured straightforwardly from his own partic ular environment was very valid to life. Drinkwater likewise said that minor book-l earning in Shakespeare's works was generally erroneous on the grounds that he utilized learnin g outs ide the scope of his own encoun ters, with a "great audacity." Without a doubt William Shakespeare went to pu nctuation school in Stratford, also, that he procured some ability in Latin and picked up a restricted information of English history. There was a timeframe in his life alluded to as his "dark years," and this timeframe may have been subjected to impacts making for high culture. Records say as well, that Shakespeare left Str atford in 1585 and went on the organize in 1590. Amid this time, he could have go ne to Cambridge or worked in an attorney's office, obviously staying around one year with the court. This left one year in which he may have ventured out to France and Italy, which would represent certain learning uncovered in his works. Maybe Shakespeare's plays are too insightful to have been composed by a man w ithout a degree, however that, some accept can be clarified by the way that the p lays looked figured out how to individuals of later ages who did not utilize tradi tional reference as a piece of their basic discourse. Others trust that the profu ndity of learning in the plays appears to be unthinkable for a man of Shakespeare's pos ition, yet when the staggering energy of the plays is viewed as, the learning in them app ears to be trifling. Little is known about Shakespeare today. In any case, this absen ce of data about Shakespeare's life can be ascribed to the way that his period wa s not one of memoir, easygoing letter composing, or news-casting. Information exchanged ab out Shakespeare was unwritten. Stratfordians, or the individuals who trust that Sh akespeare did for sure compose the works ascribed to him, started with an a ssumption that he composed the plays, and after that they attempted to influence certainties and condi tions to fit their case, a few say. To represent innumerable examples wh ere Shakespeare displayed such wide learning, Stratfordians say that Shakespeare pumped anybody he could for data. In any case, others feel that drawing compa nions for nearby shading could help with expansive information, yet truly could n't empower him to pass on the environment of a nation or to include little, rather uni mportant subtle elements which could just originate

Biography of Meriwether Lewis, American Explorer

Biography of Meriwether Lewis, American Explorer Meriwether Lewis, born August 18, 1774 in Virginia, is best known as the co-captain of the historic Lewis and Clark Expedition. But in addition to his role as a famed explorer, he was a young plantation owner, a committed military man, a controversial politician, and a confidant of President Jefferson. Lewis died in 1809 of gun shot wounds while en route to Washington, D.C., a trip he undertook with the intentions of clearing his muddled name. Fast Facts: Meriwether Lewis Occupation: Explorer, Governor of Louisiana TerritoryBorn: August 18, 1774,  Albemarle County, VADied: October 11, 1809, near Nashville, TNLegacy: The Lewis and Clark Expedition traversed the country through nearly 8,000 miles, helping consolidate Americas claims to the West. The explorers produced over 140 maps, collected over 200 samples of new plant and animal species, and established peaceful relations with 70 Native American tribes along the way.Famous Quote: As we passed on, it seemed as if those scenes of visionary enchantment would never have an end. Adolescent Planter Meriwether Lewis was born at Locust Hill plantation in Albemarle County, Virginia, on August 18, 1774. He was the eldest of five children born to Lt. William Lewis and Lucy Meriwether Lewis. William Lewis died of pneumonia in 1779 when Meriwether was just five years old. Within six months, Lucy Lewis married Captain John Marks and the new family left Virginia for Georgia. Life on what was then the frontier appealed to young Meriwether, who learned how to hunt and forage on long treks through the wilderness. When he was about 13 years old, he was sent back to Virginia for schooling and to learn the rudiments of running Locust Hill. By 1791, his stepfather had died and Lewis moved his twice-widowed mother and siblings home to Albemarle, where he worked to build a financially stable home for his family and over two dozen slaves. As he grew to maturity, cousin Peachy Gilmer described the young plantation owner as â€Å"formal and almost without flexibility,† determined to the point of obstinacy and filled with â€Å"self-possession and undaunted courage.† Captain Lewis Lewis seemed destined for the life of an obscure Virginia planter when he found a new path. A year after joining the local militia in 1793, he was among the 13,000 militiamen called up by President George Washington to put down the Whiskey Rebellion, an uprising of farmers and distillers in Pennsylvania protesting high taxes. Military life appealed to him, and in 1795 he joined the nascent U.S. Army as an ensign. Soon thereafter, he befriended another Virginia-born officer named William Clark.   In 1801, Captain Lewis was appointed as an aide to incoming President Thomas Jefferson. A fellow Albemarle County planter, Jefferson had known Lewis all his life and admired the younger man’s skills and intellect. Lewis served in this post for the next three years. Jefferson had long dreamt of seeing a major expedition across the American continent, and with the signing of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, he was able to win funding and support for an expedition to explore and map the new territory to find â€Å"the most direct and practicable water communication across this continent, for the purposes of commerce. Meriwether Lewis was a logical choice to lead the expedition. â€Å"It was impossible to find a character who to a complete science in botany, natural history, mineralogy astronomy, joined the firmness of constitution character, prudence, habits adapted to the woods a familiarity with the Indian manners and character, requisite for this undertaking,† Jefferson wrote. â€Å"All the latter qualifications Capt. Lewis has.† Lewis chose William Clark as his co-captain and they recruited the best men they could find for what promised to be an arduous multi-year trek. Lewis and Clark and their 33-man Corps of Discovery left from Camp Dubois in present-day Illinois on May 14, 1804. Map of the Northwestern United States depicts the route taken by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark on their first expedition from the Missouri River (near St. Louis, Missouri) to the mouth of the Columbia River (at the Pacific Ocean in Oregon), and their return trip, 1804-1806. (Photo by Stock Montage/Getty Images) Over the next two years, four months, and 10 days, the Corps of Discovery covered nearly 8,000 miles to the Pacific coast and back, arriving in St. Louis in early September 1806. Altogether, the expedition created over 140 maps, collected over 200 samples of new plant and animal species, and made contact with over 70 Native American tribes. Governor Lewis Back home in Virginia, Lewis and Clark each received about $4,500 in pay (equivalent to about $90,000 today) and 1,500 acres of land in recognition of their accomplishment. In March 1807, Lewis was appointed governor of the Louisiana Territory and Clark was appointed general of the territorial militia and Agent for Indian Affairs. They arrived in St. Louis in early 1808. In St. Louis, Lewis built a house big enough for himself, William Clark, and Clark’s new bride. As governor, he negotiated treaties with local tribes and tried to bring order to the region. However, his work was undermined by political enemies, who spread rumors that he was mismanaging the territory. Lewis also found himself deeply in debt. In carrying out his duties as governor, he accrued nearly $9,000 in debts- equivalent to $180,000 today. His creditors began to call in his debts before Congress approved his reimbursements. In early September 1809, Lewis set out for Washington, in the hopes of clearing his name and winning his money. Accompanied by his servant, John Pernier, Lewis planned to boat down the Mississippi to New Orleans and sail along the coast to Virginia. Stopped by illness at Fort Pickering, near present-day Memphis, Tennessee, he decided to make the rest of the trip overland, following a wilderness path called the Natchez Trace. On October 11, 1809, Lewis died of gunshot wounds at an isolated tavern known as Grinder’s Stand, about 70 miles southwest of Nashville.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Murder or Suicide? Word quickly spread that the 35-year-old Lewis had committed suicide as the result of depression. Back in St. Louis, William Clark wrote to Jefferson: â€Å"I fear the weight of his mind has overcome him.† But there were lingering questions over what had occurred at Grinder’s Stand on the night of October 10 and 11, with rumors that Lewis had, in fact, been murdered. Over 200 years later, researchers are still divided on how Lewis died. For decades, descendants of the explorer have sought to have his remains exhumed for examination  by forensic experts to see if they can determine if his wounds were self-inflicted or not. To date, their requests have been denied. Sources Danisi, Thomas C.  Meriwether Lewis. New York: Prometheus Books, 2009.Guice, John D.W. Jay H. Buckley. By His Own Hand?:  The Mysterious Death of Meriwether Lewis. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2014.Stroud, Patricia Tyson. Bitterroot:  The Life and Death of Meriwether Lewis. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018.

Surveillance and intelligence Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Surveillance and intelligence - Term Paper Example Festinger in his analysis of the cognitive dissonance theory gave the analogy of a fearful person, who could not find commensurate cause for his fear. The person’s knowledge that he is fearful is incompatible with his knowledge that there is nothing to fear. (Wicklund and Brehm1). Cognition or elements of knowledge refer to knowledge one has concerning the environment or himself (Wicklund and Brehm 3). Critical thinkers need to understand the cognitive dissonance and how it impacts on our response to domestic and international developments. According to Festinger, it is this uncertainty in knowledge that culminates in a psychological state known as cognitive dissonance. Cognition also varies in extent to which it has resistance to knowledge. For example, a person’s knowledge of the greenness of grass is immensely resistant to change; a person with normal vision would find it difficult to visualize grass as being any other color than green. Generally, there are two disti nct sources of resistance to change. The first source of resistance to change is difficulty in altering events cognized. What is commonly referred to as facts, for example, the grass is green, those worldly aspects that give us firm and clear cognitions. On the other hand, highly ambiguous events, for example, what will be the quality of life on earth a century from now?, is not clear. The second source of resistance to change is the clarity of reality presented by cognition. Cognitions concerning historical events are immensely resistant to change. On the other hand, contemporaneous events and cognitions related to them are easier to change. For example, if one finds that the air conditioner is too noisy, he or she can simply decide to turn it off. The original statement of Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory thus notably proposed resistance to change of cognitions and proportion of cognitions that are dissonant. Inclusion of the latter proposition distinguishes cognitiv e dissonance theory from other theories of cognitive balance, and makes it a fertile source of research. Cognitive dissonance theory however overlooks some aspects that characterize it from other theories of cognitive balance (Wicklund and Brehm 3). 2. Go into either â€Å"Factcheck.org† or â€Å"Politifact.com† and checkout one of the â€Å"Pants on fire† presentations. Write a short note why the original claim cannot be substantiated (30 points). The United States of America Congress financial services committee chairman in a house of congress floor speech commented that â€Å"members of Congress†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦are going to be the only people in America to get subsidies in the Obamacare exchanges† (â€Å"GOP rep. Jeb Hensarling Assails,† politifact.com). Obama and his allies created a system in which most Americans who have insurance remain on their existing health insurance plans. The marketplaces were created for Americans who lacked insurance en tirely. Subsidies in Obamacare were rolled out in October 1st, 2013; the same day the shutdown began. Any American with a specified income range and who purchases insurance on the Obamacare market place will be eligible for subsidies in the form of tax credits. Staffers and legislators do not qualify for the stipulated subsidies or tax credits, since their income is very high. Instead they qualify for employer-cost sharing; that is, employer sponsored health insurance plans that long preceded the Obama care health system. Obamacare is

The four kinds of market-product strategies Essay

The four kinds of market-product strategies - Essay Example The four kinds of market-product strategies that organizations may follow depending upon the availability of their resources and requirements are: Same Market New Product (Product Development) In this strategy, an organization introduces the same product in the market that he is currently catering to. It is a type of product development that an organization does to retain and increase its potential customers by providing solutions that based on the identified requirement of customers. Same Product New Market (Market development) In this strategy, an organization takes the same product that it is currently dealing in to new markets, to turn its prospective customers into its routine and regular customers by identifying a need in that segment. It has much more to do with the identification of the right market segment and then offer them with the products from an organization’s portfolio. Same Market Same Product (Penetration Strategy) If an organization wants to cater the same market with the same product then it must have to follow the penetration strategy. It means organization will have to take the steps to increase its market share in the existing market and to follow strategies that will help organization to beat the competition. The most widely accepting activity that organizations do is to reduce the prices. The reduced prices will take the market share away from its competitors.

Adaptive Market Hypothesis and Behavioural Finance

Adaptive Market Hypothesis and Behavioural Finance An Essay on the Relationship between Andrew Lo’s Adaptive Market Hypothesis and Behavioural Finance 1.0  Introduction When in 1936, Keynes compared financial markets to a beauty contest where competitors had to guess who the most popular choice would be, he did not imagined that economists would become fascinated with the contest for explaining the efficiency or inefficiency of that market. Indeed, the global financial crisis of 2008 brought to bare the bitter rivalry between traditional finance theorists and their behavioural counterpart over the realism of assumptions explaining competitive market equilibrium, rational choice theory and rational expectations. Prior to the crisis, the dominant view in mainstream economics and finance (as exemplified in the assumptions of efficient market hypothesis) had been that: individuals are broadly rational, risk averse, maximize their expected utility of wealth, and follow the tenets of subjective probability theory. Hence, the capital market is seen as perfect and generating financial returns which are unforecastable. To put it more aptly in the words of Fa ma (1970), â€Å"prices fully reflect all available information†, an idea that has come to be known as market efficiency. However, the fallout from the financial crisis saw a bourgeoning interest in behavioural economics due mainly to the failings of traditional economic theory to explain many observed market anomalies. Behavioural economists pointed out a number of basic logical mistakes in the efficiency reasoning, which they attributed to behavioural biases and cognitive limitations, which are universal to human decision-making under uncertainty. Some of the documented biases cited in Lo (2004) include overconfidence, loss aversion, overreaction, psychological accounting, herding, miscalibration of probabilities, hyperbolic discounting and regrets. Accordingly, the behaviourists opine that these biases provided evidence that markets are not only inefficient, but that its participants are often irrational. Herein lies the intellectual crux of the debate, which has continue to shape the study and practice of economics and finance. Indeed, while some economists may want to uphold their firm beliefs in market efficiency and rationality, others may as well seek alternative approaches in behavioural finance. Between these two approaches, however, there may be economists who seek for a compromise. This is where Andrew Lo classic work on the adaptive market hypothesis readily falls in. This essay proceeds as follow; section two explain the Adaptive Markets Hypothesis, its theoretical postulations and relationship with behavioural finance, section three critically examine this relationship, and section four concludes the essay. 2.0The Adaptive Markets Hypothesis (AMH) Explained Andrew Lo’s adaptive market hypothesis was based on evolutionary principles of competition, mutation, reproduction and natural selection in biology. Lo, in his 2004 seminal article on the Adaptive Market Hypothesis, suggests that â€Å"individual makes choices based on past experience and their ‘best guesses as to what might be optimal, and they learn by receiving positive or negative reinforcement from the outcomes, (and) if they receive no such reinforcement, they do not learn.† Thus, the AMH implied that investor behaviours such as overreaction, loss aversion, overconfidence, and other behavioural biases are constructed and shaped by a dynamic interplay between investors’ internal cognition and their external environment that then produces evolutionary traits, in which heuristics develop, transform, boom or die out depending on the market settings. As an example, if a market setting is stable, heuristics is likely to yield an optimal or rational choice for investors. While an unstable market environment characterized by risks and uncertainties, yield various forms of behavioural biases. In such instances, ‘rational’ decisions are always evolving as investors’ develop a new set of heuristics in reaction to a changing market environment. These views was developed further by Lo (2005), where he highlighted the main propositions of the AMH to include that: Individuals act in their own self-interest. Individuals make mistakes. Individuals learn and adapt. Competition drives adaptation and innovation. Natural selection, shapes market ecology. Evolution determines market dynamics. In this context, Andrew Lo’s AMH can be said to revolve around three main processes of heuristics development, learning, and an adaptation process of decision making, whose combined impacts on financial institutions help determine market efficiencies, and the waxing and waning of investment products, industries, and even individual and institutional fortunes (Lo, 2005). 2.1The Adaptive Market Hypothesis and Behavioural Finance The uncertainty associated with efficient market hypothesis had led behavioural finance scholars to offer a departure from fully rational behaviours in finance models to behavioural biases or heuristics amongst investors that arguably explains human decision makings under uncertainty. Indeed, most empirical literature on behavioural finance have explained well-recognised market anomalies which contrast standard finance theories. Some of these studies include Kahneman and Tversky (1979), Bernard and Thomas (1990), Benartzi and Thaler (1995), Mehra and Prescott (2008), etc. however, none of this literature was able to present a coherent alternative model that could match the dominancy of standard finance literature. Fama (1998) aptly capture this non-coherence in their arguments when he said, â€Å"a problem in developing an overall perspective on long-term return studies is that they rarely test a specific alternative to market efficiency, instead the alternative hypothesis is vague, market inefficiency.† Thus, Andrew Lo’s AMH was one main attempt at providing a philosophical and theoretical foundation for behavioural finance. Indeed, one stated objective in Lo’s 2004 classic article was to reconcile understandings from efficient market hypothesis with behavioural finance and psychology. Like behavioural finance, AMH explains loss aversion, equity price premium, overreaction, momentum based trading strategies, and other heuristic driven biases by the fact that in a dynamic market environment, investors develop new sets of mental frames or heuristics to solve various economic challenges. Specifically, using Herbert Simon’s notion of bounded rationality, Lo (2004) pointed out that the presence and persistence of behavioural biases can be best understood when we appreciate the fact that cooperation, competition, market-making behaviour, general equilibrium, and disequilibrium dynamics are all adaptations designed to address certain environment challenges for the huma n species and then view these forces from the lens of evolutionary biology. Besides, Lo posits that fear and greed – which behaviourists often cite as a basis for irrational decision making are the products of evolutionary forces and adaptive behaviours that enhance the odds of survival. In this situation, emotions may be seen as an incentive system that determines investors’ behaviour and prompt them to engage in a cost-benefit analysis of various investment plans available to them. Consequently, there are no fixed rules for evaluating trading strategies as depending on market conditions, investors can engage in trade; truncate it at various points and observe the consequences of their actions. For example, where investors are timely in their investment decisions, they come back and dominate the market; if on the other hand, they are poor in market timing, they are easily eased out of the market. Hence, according to Lo supposition, market efficiency can-not be appraised in a vacuum, because is extremely context dependent and dynamic, thus resu lting in a cycle of a mental frame selection process in which investors grow, mutate and thrive or face extinction (Lo, 2004). Moreover, under the AMH, market strategies evolve to adapt to an ever changing market environment, and is driven by profit opportunities, which according to Lo, is the main source on which market participants depend for their survival. One other main aspect of behavioural finance which the AMH shed light on is the existence of arbitrage opportunities. According to Lo, arbitrage opportunities appear and disappear due to adaptive responses to a changing market environment. In this fashion, investors adapt to match new economic challenges, by developing new heuristics that are necessary to evaluating any investment strategy and which in turn depends upon its survival value. Although profitability and risk reduction values are also important factors to consider, Lo pointed out that these factors come after investors have undergone this fundamental market test. So what are the implications of the AMH for efficient markets and behavioural finance? Lo (2004) briefly outlines these implications to include that The equity risk premium are non-constant over time, but changes according to the recent path of the stock market. Risk/reward relations are nonlinear and non-stable. Arbitrage opportunities exist from time to time Investment strategy, waxes and then wane depending on the environment Adaptation and innovation are keys to survival Survival is the only objective that matters. 3.0AMH or EMH? An evaluation Fama (1998) emphasize that any alternative model to market efficiency ought to follow standard scientific rule, and should itself be potentially rejectable by empirical tests. Thus, in evaluating the relationship between AMH and behavioural finance, it is essential to consider an empirical test of how AMH differ significantly from the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), which the behaviourists seek to discard. While various tests of market efficiency had been designed over the years using standard financial models in EMH, tests of AMH are relatively few given that the hypothesis has yet to become part of the mainstream of financial economics. However, an increasing number of studies had reported results which seems consistent with the AMH. Some of these studies include Neely, et al (2009) and Kim, et al (2011). Whereas Neely, et al (2009) found some regularities in profit opportunities that appear and disappears in a foreign exchange market, Kim, et al (2011) found strong evidence tha t return predictability is driven by changing market conditions. These findings implied that testable implications of AMH can be done by testing how the level of efficiency in a market varies significantly over time. Furthermore, another possible way to conceptualise a test of the AMH may be to investigate whether investment decisions are made based on selectivity and market timing since evolutionary principle implied that natural selection shapes market ecology. In this context, Hoffman, et al (2013) found some evidence of market learning during the financial crisis. As a matter of fact, conventional econometric tests for market efficiency using formal asset pricing models such as Sharpe 1964 CAPM and Merton’s 1973 discrete time version of ICAPM would have been relevant alternative models to investigate these testable implications of AMH. Therefore, rather than see Lo’s AMH as a behavioural alternative to market efficiency, it is better regarded as another strand of efficient market hypothesis. 4.0Conclusion This essay has discussed the adaptive market hypothesis and examined its relationship with behavioural finance. We conclude that whereas the AMH offers a philosophical foundation for analysing various behavioural anomalies described by behavioural finance, its theoretical underpinning however, reflects that of the efficient market hypothesis. References Benartzi, S., and Thaler, R., (1995), â€Å"Myopic loss aversion and the equity premium puzzle†, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 110: 73-92. Bernard, V., and Thomas, J., (1990), â€Å"Evidence that stock prices do not fully reflect the implications of current earnings for future earnings†, Journal of Accounting and Economics, vol. 13: 305-340. Fama, E., (1970), â€Å"Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work†, Journal of Finance, vol. 25(2): 383–417. Fama, E., (1998), â€Å"Market efficiency, long-term returns, and behavioral finance, Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 49(3): 283-306. Hoffman, A.I., Thomas, P., and Joost, M.E., (2013), â€Å"Individual investor perceptions and behaviour during the financial crisis†, Journal of Banking and Finance, vol. 37(1): 60-74 Kahneman, D., and Tversky, A., (1979), â€Å"Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk†, Econometrica, vol. 47: 263–291. Kim, J., Lim, K., and Shamsuddin, A., (2009), â€Å"Stock return predictability and adaptive markets hypothesis: Evidence from century-long U.S. data†, Unpublished. Lo, A., (2004), â€Å"The Adaptive Markets Hypothesis: Market Efficiency from an Evolutionary Perspective†, Journal of Portfolio Management, 30th Anniversary Issue; 15-29 Lo, A., (2005), â€Å"Reconciling efficient markets with behavioural finance: the adaptive markets hypothesis†, Journal of Investment Consulting, vol. 7(2): 21-44. Mehra, R., and Prescott, E., (2008), â€Å"The equity premium: ABC’s Handbook of the Equity Risk- Premium†, North Holland, Amsterdam: The Netherlands. Merton, R., (1973), â€Å"An intertemporal capital asset pricing model†, Econometrica, vol. 41: 867–887 Neely, C., Weller, P., and Ulrich, J., (2009), â€Å"The Adaptive Markets Hypothesis: Evidence from the Foreign Exchange Market† Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, vol. 44(2): 467-488. Sharpe, W., (1964), â€Å"Capital asset prices: a theory of market equilibrium under conditions of risk†, Journal of Finance, vol. 19(3): 425-442

Defenders Of Art And Life Differ On Everything In Between

In Robert Browning's â€Å"Fra Lippo Lippi†, a 15th century painter discusses the illogic of his patrons who want him to paint less of the real world—in turn for more spiritually uplifting scenes.   This poem gives Browning a platform to put forward his philosophy on art, which holds equal respect for the high and the low alike.   Similarly, in â€Å"Why The Novel Matters†, D. H. Lawrence forms a postulation that there is more to life than just the label of â€Å"spirit†.   But he goes further to say that there is a difference between that which is alive, and that which is inanimate.He contends life is more important—and a well-written novel is the equivalent of life.   He puts novels on a pedestal, while everything else is lesser than the living things.   Browning's character Lippi, however, while also detesting the barrier of the word â€Å"spirit† , does not go so far as to say the material mortar of the world is somehow more imp ortant than the soul.   He merely defends its equivalence.   He does not believe his paintings are more important than living things; he believes that they share equal value.Although Lawrence is willing to include the human body in with the word â€Å"spirit†Ã¢â‚¬â€he draws a line at the fingertips, and calls everything else (except for the novel) of lesser substance; alternately, Lippi is more liberal in his view, for he does not dwell overlong on the delineation between life and immaterial things—but just on their symbiosis.   Ultimately, Lippi is more humble about his art and life in general.For Lippi, painting for his patrons is only half of a life: carousing about town is the other part.   This is why he regularly escapes for release from the dogged work.   Although the religious service is a career for him, he cannot sustain it without proper romps on the town.   Therefore, by living in worlds both saintly and debauched, Lippi is able to see through the Prior's facade, when he is asked to only paint the spirit—not the body.   The Prior says: â€Å"Your business is not to catch men with show †¦Ã‚   Your business is to paint the souls of men† (Lines 175-184).   Lippi, however, would rather include everything in his art, and therefore more accurately reflect the world—and make better use of art.   â€Å"Now is this sense, I ask?†(198) Lippi says.â€Å"Why can't a painter lift each foot in turn, †¦ Make his flesh liker and his soul more like †¦ You should not take a fellow eight years old / And make him swear to never kiss the girls.†(224-225).   Lippi rails against simplifying existence into a word or an image: â€Å"The world and life's too big to pass for a dream †¦Ã‚   The only good of grass is to make chaff†(251-257).   Lippi cannot settle for a narrow view of the order of things—while Lawrence only partly concedes that there is more to â€Å"spiri t† than just vapor.  Lawrence contests that life's ether is as vital as the shell—and by singling out, labeling—or falsely idolizing any one part of its essence, we are hindering ourselves from fully living.   For instance, Lawrence rants on the fallacy of labels: â€Å"We think of ourselves as a body with a spirit in it †¦ Mens sana in corpore sano.   The years drink up the wine, and at last throw the bottle away, the body, of course, being the bottle†(2446).   Indeed, Lippi's dead shell of a horse is Lawrence's empty bottle of spirits—and the two of them seem to agree that definitions of the â€Å"spirit† are just distractions from the truth of existence.Lawrence, however, sets aside one exception, being that the Bible itself, when read as an entire piece, achieves some spirit similar to that of the humankind: â€Å"The Bible †¦Ã‚   [It sets] the whole tree trembling with a new access of life, [it does] not just stimulate growth in one direction†(2448).   Herein lies one key difference, then, between Lippi and Lawrence, which is that Lawrence makes exception for the novel as being at the rank of a living entity—while Lippi does not go so far as to suggest that art is exclusive from the rest of the lifeless world, although he does believe it is as important as life.   After all, Lawrence says the novel can â€Å"make the whole man alive tremble.Which is more than poetry, philosophy, science, or any other book-tremulation can do†(2448).   Moreover, while he does not specifically call out painting as one of the lesser â€Å"tremulations†, it seems safe to say this is implied—since he even excludes poetry from his sacred circle of life—which, ironically, is the medium through which Browning's Lippi is experienced.   In contrast, Lippi says that life's everyday details are â€Å"better, painted—better to us †¦ Art was given for that†(300 -304).—and again, Lippi does not put art above life—only beside it.   He says: â€Å"Do you feel thankful, aye or no, / For this fair town's face, yonder river's line, †¦ What's it all about? / To be passed over, despised? or dwelt upon†(286-291).Of course, Lawrence, does distinguish the particularization of his own body, and how each part is equal to the whole—but nothing beyond himself: â€Å"Why should I imagine that there is a me which is more me than my hand is?†(2446).   But Lawrence's â€Å"me alive† theory excludes the static objects of the order of things as merely props—that are not to be confused with life or novels.Ultimately, Lippi sees no place for the soul without the bodily elements, and rhetorically argues: â€Å"What need of art at all? A skull and bones, / Two bits of stick nailed crosswise†(321).   Lawrence, however, sees the various mediums of communication as â€Å"words and thoughts and sighs and aspirations that fly from [us], they are so many tremulations in the ether†(2447).   Lawrence merely concedes that the lifeless elements are â€Å"tremulations† that may â€Å"reach another man alive† and â€Å"he may receive them into his life, and his life may take on a new color†(2447).So, while Lawrence agrees with Lippi that the baser elements are important, he goes on at length to flesh out the reasons why life and the novel are substantially more important:   â€Å"All things that are alive are amazing.   And all things that are dead are subsidiary to the living†(2447).   He builds a wall between life and the novel—and the rest of existence: â€Å"I, who am man alive, am greater than my soul†(2447).   In this way then, while Lawrence agrees with Lippi that the parts cannot be distinguished from the whole, without excluding the essence—he differs in that he goes further to impose a privileged position upon th e energy of life and novels, whereas Lippi simply thinks that art and the lesser units ought to have equal exposure in the spotlight life.So Lawrence is circular in his theory, insisting â€Å"spirit† is limiting in its language—while touting the transcending power of the novel.   Indeed, despite arguing that limitations abound under labels, and that any â€Å"particular direction ends in a cul-de-sac†(2448)–Lawrence is still making divisions: â€Å"A character in a novel has got to live, or it is nothing†¦.   We likewise, in life have got to live, or we are nothing†(2449).  Ã‚   Plus, he is proud of his specialness as an artist, in a way that Lippi is too humble ever to approach: â€Å"Being a novelist, I consider myself superior to the saint, the scientist, the philosopher, and the poet, who are all great masters of different bits of man alive, but never get the whole hog†(2448).Ultimately then, at the root of their respective p hilosophies on art and life, Lippi is more adverse to divisions of all kinds, not putting himself or his art above the world, put equal to it.   One senses that he is not likely anymore proud of himself than the subjects he paints about, while Lawrence is more proud of the novels he writes than the objects described in them.

Online Job Portal

| ONLINE JOB PORTAL Project Duration: Two Months | | | | team membersShivanjali garg kejung kimsing arushi meenaclass teachermrs. uma sharmab. sC (hons) computer science (4th semester)| | ARSD CollegeUniversity of Delhi2012-2013 Academic Year| | 1. Introduction 2. 1 Purpose 2. 2 Scope 2. 3 Functional Requirements 2. 4 Definitions, Acronyms and Abbreviations 2. 5 Objective 2. 6 References 2. 7 Technologies to be used 2. 8 Overview 2. Overall Description 3. 9 Product Functions 3. 10 User Characteristics 3. 1 Constraints 3. 12 Process Model 3. 13 Architectural Design 3. 14. 1 Data Flow Diagram (DFD) 3. 14. 2 Data Dictionary 3. 14. 3 Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD) 3. 14. 4 Sequence Diagram 3. 14 Use case Model Survey 3. 15 Timeline Chart(Gantt Chart) 3. Estimation 4. 16 Problem Based Estimation (Function Point Metrics) 4. Risk Table and RMMM plan 5. Structure design Methodology 6. Testing Software Requirements Specification 1. 0 Introduction â€Å"Online Job portal† is a web-ba sed application, which helps end user to finding a job with searching criteria like preferred location, job type, work profile and packages.One can post his/her details on this portal with all relative information. There are many respective facilities given to end user. This application provides logins to the end user and Employer type. End user can Create, edit and delete information by using his/her user ID and password. Whereas Employer can search the profiles. Application takes care of all the security issues so that only the authorize logins and even only the computers can access the relevant information. There are three primary users in this application: 1. Job Seekers 2. Employer and 3. AdministratorThe system administrator will have the ability to clean, clear and maintain the database and the whole system management issue. I. Administrator 1. Verify users account given them right to access the right 2. Block a user 3. Create categories on job 4. Create subcategories on the type of job II. Employers 1. Create vacancies for job seekers 2. Search candidates based on their profiles 3. Can schedule an interview with technical professionals 4. Can select interviewers 5. Can send email to selected candidates III. Jobseekers 1. Create an account with a complete profile 2. Search for jobs with different categories 3.Edit/update the profile 4. Apply online for jobs 1. 1 Purpose Computerized Online Job Search System is developed to facilitate the General Administrative system to manage the various information of the Job Seeker and Job Provider and the processes involved in a Placement company. So that, the organization can access accurate information quickly and easily as and when required, thereby improving its operational efficiency and effectiveness. In today’s competitive environment, where everybody is on the top, the Information plays very crucial roles. As far as information is accessed and processed, it can give good result.Today internet is a fas t way of transferring Data and Information over wide area, hence we have used internet as a way for exchanging information. Computerized Systems helps to fulfill these goals. Computerization of the official works will help in doing lot of manual work quickly. It will help in easy storage and access of all information, in short period of time. This way convenience will prevail both for the Job Seeker and the Job Provider. The development of this new website contains the following activities, which try to automate the entire process keeping in the view of database integration approach. This Site Can provide the recruitment information sending option for the Job providers * This website can provide the mail alert and mobile alert facility for the jobseekers * Administrator can control both job provider’s and as well as jobseeker’s Information 1. 2 Scope The scope of the Online Job Portal includes the following key points: 1. It should contain all the information about Com panies and Vacancies which is in this site. 2. It should contain all the information of Job seeker such as * Personal Details * Professional Details * Educational Detail etc. 3.It should process and evaluate job registered by companies. 4. It should contain information related to Job expiry and registration. 5. It should have administrator for scheduling administrative work of site. 1. 3 Functional Requirements †¢ The System should enable Project Managers to submit their job requirements to the HR for posting. †¢ System should incorporate an approval cycle where the HR validates the submitted job posting before posting to the portal †¢ On Approval, the job posting is assigned to an Internal Sourcing Team, who will receive a notification of the new job posting. System should enable Internal Sourcing Team to recommend applicants for associated jobs to the Project Manager †¢ System should enable employees to view and apply different jobs, allow discussions about job s etc. †¢ System should enable Project Managers to View their Job Postings, Applicant details and their profiles for a particular Job Posting, Recommended Applicant details and their profiles for a particular Job Posting Comments or Activities on different postings etc.. †¢ On successful selection, system should enable project Managers to close the job posting and the status of the job should reflect as â€Å"Hired† across the shared communities, dis-allowing employees to further apply for the job. 1. 4 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations: * HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language): It is used to create static web pages. * JSP (Java Server Pages): It is used to create dynamic web content. * J2EE (Java 2 Enterprise Edition): It is a programming platform, belonging to the Java platform, which is used for developing and running distributed java applications.WASCE (Web Sphere Application Server Community Edition): It is an application server that runs and supports the J2E E and the web service applications. * WSAD (Web Sphere Studio Application Developer): It is a designer toolkit which is designed to develop more complex projects by providing a complete dynamic web service. * DB2 (IBM Database 2): It is a database management system that provides a flexible and efficient database platform to raise a strong â€Å"on demand† business applications. * HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): It is a transaction oriented client/ server protocol between a web browser and a web server. . 5 Objective: This project is aimed at developing a web site for Online Job Portal. It is of great importance to the unemployed people. This site allocates the right job information for suitable persons. All the jobseekers as well as job providers’ information are stored in the database. 1. 6 References * BOOKS * R. S. Pressman, Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach * P. Jalote, An Integrated Approach to Software Engineering 1. 7 Technologies to be used * J2EE: (Servlet, JSP, JAXP, Java Beans) Application architecture. * JAVA: Application architecture. WASCE: (Web Sphere Application Server Community Edition) Web Server * DB2: IBM Database. * Ajax: Asynchronous Java Script and XML. * XML: Extension Markup Language. * Web 2. 0: RSS Feed 2. 0. * Localization: 3 Languages – Hindi, Kannada, and English 1. 8 Overview The SRS will include two sections, namely: * Overall Description: This section will describe major components of the system, interconnections, and external interfaces. * Specific Requirements: This section will describe the functions of actors, their roles in the system and the constraints faced by the system. 2. 0 Overall descriptionThe Online Job Portal System is a package to be used by agencies to improve the efficiency of business. The Online Job Portal System to be developed benefits greatly the members. The system provides jobs catalogue and information to members and helps them decide on the jobs to apply . The Admin can keep the jobs catalogue updated all the time so that the members (Job seekers and the agencies) get the updated information all the time. The main users are users: Admin, Members who are the Job seekers and the agencies. 2. 1 Product Function I. Job Employer Job Employer section, which is further sub-divided into – Call for an interview date ? Call for an interview time Call for an asking Job Seeker want to go for an interview? Call for an asking Job Seeker about feedback of interview facing? Check the status true if selecting in the job. II. Job Administrator Job Administration section, which is further sub-divided into four subsections: Check the status true if call back from the company. Also check the status false if Job Seeker is rejected. Viewing members. Emailing Register New Administrator Add Country Add State Add City Edit/Delete Recruiter Edit/Delete Job Seeker View Reports III. Employee Section * Registration Resume upload in the speci fied format * Upload Video/ Audio Resumes – giving an extra edge to the deserving candidates * References/Video References * Option of Video Interviews * Advance search by keywords, location, job title, skill, industry, company, profile * Interest list for Jobs and the option of posting resumes to the entire list in one go * Option of tracking pervious applications * Directory Services like – â€Å"Best places to work† * Creative Resume writing service (paid service). * Option of having Personal Web Page (Profile Builder) – The professional details could be filled through simple designed form.Upload images, scanned salary slips, academic records, experience certificate, passport copy etc. , with a link and it could be accessed online from anywhere with feature of differential access. * Option of taking Industry endorsed tests for better employability and put them on the personal web page along with the resume * Confidentiality feature to define privacy le vel e. g. block current employer from accessing profile. * Access to Customer care * Spell Check facility for the resume * Interview Scheduler – an alert through the email or mobile phone. 2. 2 User CharacteristicsThe user should be familiar with the internet. The user should have knowledge of the area for which he has to file the complaint. 2. 3 Constraints: * GUI is only in English. * Login and password is used for identification of user and there is no facility for guest. * This system is working for multiple servers. * There is no maintainability of back up so availability will get affected * Limited to HTTP/HTTPS. 2. 4 Process Model SPIRAL MODEL SPIRAL MODEL was defined by Barry Boehm in his 1988 article, â€Å"A spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement. This model was not the first model o discuss iterative development, but it was the first model to explain why the iteration models. As originally envisioned, the iterations were typically 6 months to 2 years long. Each phase starts with a design goal and ends with a client reviewing the progress thus far. Analysis and engineering efforts are applied at each phase of the project, with an eye toward the end goal of the project. It is an evolutionary software process model that couples the iterative nature of prototyping with the controlled and systematic aspects of the waterfall method. Fig 1. 0 Spiral Model Reasons for using this model in our project: Estimates (i. e. budget, schedule etc. ) become more realistic as work progresses, because important issues discovered earlier. * It is more able to cope with the changes that are software development generally entails. * Software engineers can get their hands in and start working on the core of a project earlier. * It’s a realistic approach to the development of large scale system and software. Architectural Design 12 Data Flow Diagram Level-0 Level – 1 2. 13 Data Dictionary Job Provider Reg-info = User name + Passwords + Em ail ID + Mobile No Login = User name + Passwords Submit = Job id + Job infoView and Post = Job vacancies + update jobs Job seeker Reg-info = User name + Passwords + Email ID + Mobile No Login info = User name + Passwords Receive = notification Update info = Upload resume Apply for a job = Job id + apply for job Receive = interview call letter Admin Login = User name + Passwords Check report = Complain id 2. 11 ER Diagram C-name URL Address Contacts Home Type of Sector Contact Us Sign Up 1 M Visit Job portal Company Login 1 1 1 Visit D -Resume Post M N M N Qualification M Search Job seeker Job Location Name Category Contact Address Criteria Exp DOB Position Job id Salary 2. 5. Sequence Diagram 2. 5 Use case Model Survey Approve the vacancy Administrator Login Put the vacancy on website Download the CV Send the reply to jobseeker Search for job Register Apply the job Upload resume Employer Check their qualification Job seeker 1. ADMINISTRATOR: * Name of use case:- ADMINSTRATOR * Descr iptions:-To manage the user accounts and maintain the database and user accounts. * Pre-conditions:- administrator user name and password. * Normal flow of events:- ?new login, password, details of the user location id, roles, permissions a granted. ?save details. ?manage the permissions of other users. Alternative flow of events:-if login is wrong then message appears. * Post conditions:-Management of user accounts and permissions. 2. REGISTRATION * Name of usecase:-CREATE the account * Descriptions:-the user can create a new account in the site. * Pre-conditions:- ?not a member of the site. ?invalid username and password. * Normal flow of events:- ?enter the details and submit. ?login the site. ?logout the site. * Alternative flow of events:- ?invalid username. ?invalid password. * Post conditions:- User can use the valuable resources in the site and view the various Job Opportunities. 3.JOB SEEKER * Name of usecase:-Job Seeker * Descriptions:-Job seeker can register & login to th e website and can upload his resume and can search for a desired job followed by applying for it * Pre-conditions:- ?Must have prepared his resume. ?Must have all the required job details. ?Must be eligible to apply for a job ?Must have registered for a job ?Must have prepared his resume * Normal flow of events:- ?enter the details and submit. ?login the site. ?upload a resume ?search for a job ?apply for a job ?check his application status ?can access to customer care * Alternative flow of events:- invalid username. ?invalid password. ?not eligible for the job ?not job is available for which the seeker is eligible ?no vacancies in any company ?have already applied for all the vacancies * Post conditions:- user can wait for the companies to give him a call for the interviews and can regularly check his mails for the alerts(if any)send by he administrator 4. JOB PROVIDER * Name of use case:-Job Provider * Descriptions:-Job Provider can register & login to the website and can add the vacancies update and delete them. * Pre-conditions:- ?Must have some vacancies for chances of vacancies in the future ?Must be eligible to register his company registration ?Must have registered to the site * Normal flow of events:- ?enter the details and submit. ?login the site. ?add the vacancies ?update the vacancies ?delete the vacancies ?check who all have register their vacancy and can contact to them personally * Alternative flow of events:- ?invalid username. ?invalid password. ?not eligible for registering ?no vacancies in the company ?no user registered for the vacancy * Post conditions:- Provider can take the note of the seekers who he wants to call for an interview and can contact with them through mails or calls. . 17 Timeline Chart(Gantt Chart) Work Tasks| 1st Week| 2nd Week| 3rd Week| 4th Week| 5th Week| 1. Communication Meet with team in-charge Identify needs and project constraints Establish product statement Milestone: Product statement defined2. Planning Technical task Risk analysis Source requirement Design and product analysis Project time schedule Milestone: Completion of planning3. Modeling Deciding model Analysis used model Milestone: Model selected4. Construction Code generation Testing Milestone: Completed construction5.Deployment Review the project Delivered to the customer Feedback based on evaluation Milestone: Project completed| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3. 2 Computing Function Points Information Domain Value| Count| | Weighting FactorsSimple Average Complex| | | External Inputs| 8| x| 3| 4| 6| =| 24| External outputs| 5| x| 4| 5| 7| =| 20| External Inquiries| 3| x| 3| 4| 6| =| 09| Internal Logical Files| 6| x| 7| 10| 15| =| 42| External Interface Files| 0| x| 5| 7| 10| =| 0| Count Total| 95| To compute function points (FP), the following relationship is used: FP = count total x [0. 5 + 0. 01 x ? (Fi)] = 95x{0. 65+0. 01Ãâ€"46} = 105. 45 Where count total is the sume of all FP entries obtained from the Fi ( i = 1 to 14) are value adjustment factors (VAF) based on responses to the following. 1. Data communication 2. Distributed processing 3. Performance objectives 4. Operation configuration load 5. Transaction rate 6. On-line data entry 7. End user efficiency 8. On-line update 9. Complex processing logic 10. Re-usability 11. Installation ease 12. Operational ease 13. Multiple sites 14. Desier to facilitate change 4. 2. 2 Empirical model based estimation (COCOMO II model) No. f screens in the project: 14 No. of reports: 5 No. of 3GL components: 1 Developer’s experience/capability: Very Low % reuse: 70 Taking the values from the given tables: Thus Object Points= [14X1 + 5X2 ] =24 NOP= (object points) X [(100-%reuse)/100] =24 X 0. 30=7. 2 PROD=4 Thus Estimated effort=NOP/PROD=7. 2/4=1. 8 person-months RISK MANAGEMENT Risks| Category| Probability| Impact| Size estimate may be significantly low| PS| 60%| 2| Large number of users than planned| PS| 30%| 3| Less use than planned| PS| 70% | 2| End users resist system| BU| 40%| 3| Delivery deadline will be tightened| BU| 50%| 2|Customer will change requirements| PS| 80%| 2| Lack of training on tools | DE| 80%| 3| Staff inexperienced| ST| 60%| 2| Poor standard of work| ST| 40%| 1| Poor feedback| BU| 30%| 2| Incomplete requirements| PS| 30%| 2| Risk | Consequence | Action | Size estimate may be significantly low. | Inefficient resource allocation for the software resulting in delivery delays. | Close look at requirement collection process. | Less reuse than planned. | Development time will increase. | Develop efficient SRS. | Customer will change requirements. | Might lead to start of development from scratch. Choose an efficient model that can cope with sudden changes in requirements. | Staff Inexperienced. | Might lead to development of incomplete software. Completed project may receive poor reviews. | Choose the project team efficiently with proper mix of experiences | Poor standard of work. | Will result in a poor q uality project. Some elements may need to be redone. Completed project may receive poor reviews. | Carry out a thorough procurement process looking at issues of experience and quality as well as cost. Include appropriate contingency. | Delivery Deadline may be tightened. Delay in deployment. | Deadline should be carefully calculated keeping all areas in mind. | Poor public response to the software. | Wastage of development efforts with financial losses. | Conduct a survey to get information about market trends. | Requirements are incomplete. | Incomplete software. May get rejected by the customer. | Requirements should be carefully understood and documented. | Lack of training on tools. | Inefficient software product with chances of defects. | Developers should be well trained and comfortable with the development tools. | | | | End users resist system. Redevelopment of the product from scratch. | End users terms and conditions should be mentioned in the SRS. | Larger number of users than planned. | Database will need to be expanded. | Database should be big enough to cope with the worst case situations. | | | | 5. Design 7. 1 Structured Design Methodology Get username & password notifications apply confirmation validate joblist userid resume name&pwd System Database Main Print confirmation Login Apply Notifications Check passwords Check username Get passwords Get username validation login input Send resume Select company pply select view notifications Print Validate Username & password 6. Testing (White Box) 8. 1 Pseudo code 1. If(name==s. name && pwd==s. pwd) 2. then display notifications 3. else re-enter name and password 4. print â€Å"enter valid job category† 5. read j_c 6. if(j_c==s. jc[]) 7. then display job list 8. else print † no such category† 9. display â€Å"select valid job_id† 10. i=1,n=5; 11. do while(i